To evaluate post-secondary career and TECHNICAL education courses running by the ministry of education, 2300 students, 793 graduates from 39 academic disciplines, 500 teachers and 121 managers of career and TECHNICAL education colleges have been selected as research sample, using random sampling method. The required data were collected using questionnaires, interviews and data forms. Quantitative data were processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency percentage and ratio) and qualitative data were analyzed using qualitative methods (classification, summarization, combination). The research findings implicitly indicated that there is ambiguity and multiple conflicts in philosophy, main goals, macro policy, strategies and legal status of mentioned career and TECHNICAL education courses. The implementation of mentioned continuous five years post-secondary course has failed and the separation of its planning and implementation in the form of three and two years postsecondary courses has leaded in great obstacles for coherence and consistency of career and TECHNICAL education programs. Quantity and quality of human resources, facilities and educational setting of colleges is not satisfactory. Majority of students and graduates’ cognitive and emotional characteristics are not consistent with the expectations of their profession. Unemployment of almost 28% of those who entered such colleges with hope to gain better job as soon as possible, evidently indicates that there is a serious problem. Considering these findings, some recommendations were proposed for reforming planning and implementation of career and TECHNICAL education and training courses.

The main purpose of this research is to measure TECHNICAL efficiency of Iranian manufacturing sector by Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA). For this porpoise, the performance of 130 different industrial groups, at The International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) was analyzed and discussed during 1996-2007. The results of the study showed that average TECHNICAL efficiencies of different manufacturing groups were 0.55. The largest score in efficiency was found for copper metals manufacturing and refined petroleum products manufacturing with 0.83 and 0.78, and the lowes scores in efficiency was registed for brick production manufacturing and grain mill products Manufacturing with 0.21 and 0.23, respectively. Average of TECHNICAL efficiency is laid in range of 0.50 to 0/60. In addition, the output inefficiencies are directly related to energy intensity and inversely to the size of firms, while government ownership does not affect the level of inefficiency.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Background and Objectives: Precision in designing and correct managements on sprinkler irrigation systems can help to improve and develop of these systems and cause efficiency raising in agriculture.Materials and Methods: In this research, constant classic sprinkle irrigation systems (four systems) and one wheel move sprinkle system were evaluated and compared (in 2015). To evaluate of irrigation systems, Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient (CU), distribution uniformity (DU), application efficiency of low-quarter (AELQ) and potential application efficiency of low quarter (PELQ) were calculated in the experimental plots and adjusted with pressure changes for the whole system.Results: The maximum an uniformity coefficient and distribution uniformity in all the systems were in Darab, Arsenjan and Sarvestan counties and they were 80.78, 69.56 and 68.21 percent for uniformity coefficient, respectively. These values showed normal distribution of data and symmetry measurements than the average and the distribution uniformities were 66.12, 55.4 and 53 percent, respectively.Conclusion: The reason of low distribution uniformity in systems was water losses for deep percolation, outdated system, pressure loss and pressure and discharge variations of sprinklers.Homogenization of application efficiency potential of low quarter and the actual application efficiency in all evaluated irrigation systems were showed supply water less than plants water requirement. These values were low that showed water losses because of deep percolation and outdated systems.

This paper assesses three definitions of eccentricity employed in the description of asymmetric multistory buildings. Other definitions of static eccentricity in multistory buildings fall essentially into one of the above categories. Using the three approaches, formulae are developed to evaluate the asymmetry of shear-type buildings where the deformation is governed by the lateral and rotational rigid-floor displacements arising from the seismic design loadings. Finally by modelling three concrete buildings according to Iranian concrete code (ABA) and investigating these three definitions and comparing them, the best method for representing Iranian 2800 Standard was selected. Simple comparisons and comments on the alternative approaches are presented with the aid of these appropriate examples. This clarification of the definition of eccentricity isneeded for improved understanding of the application of codified torsional design procedures. It is also a prerequisite for advanced studies of the inelastic seismic response of multistory shear buildings.

he inadequate production of existing poplar cultivations can be due to unfavorable planting, maintenance, and harvesting operations. In order to clarify the defects in operations, the diameter, height, wood volume and yearly wood volume growth per hectare in thirty stands of poplar trees were measured. Additionally, primary planting spacing, tree number per hectare, etc. were determined by a field survey. The causal and noncausal relationships between the independent variables and the volume growthand. the direct and indirect effects of each component on growth were determined. were. Results showed that the area of the stands varied from 0. 3 to 4 hectares. The planting spacing was less than 2×2 m for over 60 percent of the stands, . In most of the stands the percentage of survival was less than 50%. Only 10% of the stands had 25 m 3 wood volume per year and per hectare. . Principle component analysis showed that decreasing the planting distance were the most important parameters reducing the annual growth. Irrigation intensity represented the highest positive correlation with annual growth. Also, initial density displayed the highest negative correlation with diameter and height. Similar results were obtained through path analysis. . According to the results, the main defects of poplar farming are low spacing and more irrigation intervals, respectively.

This study was conducted to evaluate the strategic management model in TECHNICAL and professional training. The type of research design, quantitative, and research method were applied in terms of data collection, descriptive-correlation and purpose-oriented approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of 553 employees of TECHNICAL and Vocational Training in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad and educational centers. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran formula. This number was 227 and were selected randomly. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample and society. For data analysis and EVALUATION of the model, structural equation modeling and partial least squares (PLS) technique were used. Based on the findings of the study, all factor loadings were significant at 95% confidence level and played a significant role in measuring their constructs. The model has a good level of convergent validity, divergent validity, internal consistency reliability, composite reliability, predictive power and fit. According to the results of the research, this model can provide a suitable framework for the formulation, implementation and EVALUATION of appropriate strategies in the training curriculum. It is suggested that administrators of the organization provide vocational training in a context so that strategic management and thinking are institutionalized in the organization.

On the basis of the investigations in different parts of the world, rapeseed yield content (%) and seed loss (%) during harvesting operation are related to harvesting time and methods as well as seed moisture content. Evaluating and comparing of different types of harvesting systems and machines were the main objectives of this research. These methods from the view point of their impacts on seed loss, crop yield, oil content, total cost, effective field capacity and net benefit were studied. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used and the data was analysed. Treatments being direct harvesting with grain combine: Double stage harvesting with conventional mover followed by threshing: Double stage harvesting with high clearance mover followed by threshing .Hand cutting followed by threshing. The results indicated that combine harvesting caused maximum seed loss, therefore, it can be concluded that on time harvesting can reduce seed loss. Among these harvesting methods, direct combining had the highest effective field capacity and the lowest cost. The lowest effective field capacity and the highest cost belonged to hand cutting .According to the results, there was no significant difference between harvesting methods from the view point of net benefit. Therefore, any of the above harvesting methods best fitted to our farming system can be selected.

Semnan province faces water and soil limitations due to its geographical location, desert and semi-desert climate. Pressurized irrigation methods are used as one of the options for improving water use efficiency in this province. In this study, sprinkler irrigation systems were evaluated in Semnan province. For this purpose, 6 sprinkler irrigation systems including wheel move, classic with portable sprinkler, and center pivot systems were evaluated in different farms. Potential and actual application efficiency (PELQ and AELQ), uniformity, and distribution coefficients (CU and DU) for wheel move systems were 40. 7%, 29. 6%, 57. 2% and 52. 7%, respectively, and for classic systems with portable sprinkler they were 54. 8%, 54. 8%, 75% and 65%. For center pivot system, these parameters were 83%, 79. 6%, 5/94%, and 91%, respectively. In center pivot system, these parameters were the best. Good designing, new and appropriate sprinklers, and low height of sprinklers were the factors causing better operation of this system. Next to center pivot, the classic system with portable sprinkler had better performance. New and appropriate sprinklers, low height of sprinklers, and appropriate pressure in this system increased the efficiency in farm No. 4, while in farm No. 5, inappropriate sprinklers distance decreased efficiency of the classic system with portable sprinkler. In other farms, low pressure of sprinklers, decreasing the discharge and spray radius of sprinklers relative to nominal values and high pressure difference in the system caused low efficiency of wheel move system.